Muslims do contribute to the development of civil society in Europe and the west in general. However, there are fundamental problems in the very definition of ‘civility’ that is used by a number of scholars and media domains. These definitions aim to exclude anything ‘Islamic’ from the concept of ‘civility.’ As such, we will present four fundamental flaws in popular definitions of civility, namely, the ‘secular’ condition, essentialist concepts, the ‘ideology’ objection, and the biased ideal. Thus, approaching the concept of ‘civility’ through the core values of tolerance, trust, reciprocity, and cooperation helps provide a fairer and more universal definition that avoids the above problems.
Basic Definition
Shils provides a basic working definition for civil society:
The idea of civil society is the idea of a part of society which has a life of its own, which is distinctly different from the state, and which is largely in autonomy from it. Civil society lies beyond the boundaries of the family and clan and beyond the locality; it lies short of the state.[1]
Building on this basic framework, civil society will be understood as the realm loosely located between the family and the state, in which individuals participate through structures of independent voluntary associations, networks or discursive space. Within these, a number of values must be dominant, chiefly amongst them are: trust, tolerance, cooperation, and reciprocity; individuals may attempt to empower themselves through identifying notions that will lead to their personal and societal development, happiness, and satisfaction; and individuals pursue their interests, engage others in contesting discourses, and compete over notions of the common good.
The ‘Secular’ Condition
However, civil society is often utilised as a normative tool, which, it is claimed, must embrace ‘secular politics.’ Thus, the behaviours, norms and practices that are perceived to run against secular (or liberal) politics are seen by some as incongruous with the project of civil society and the concept of ‘civility’ itself. While we assert that some groups that are at war with civility should be clearly excluded from a civil society definition, religious groups, in general, and other forms of organization that are simply different from the dominant Eurocentric worldview of modernity and progress, must not be excluded. As Glasius argues “…[C]ivil society is not the exclusive domain of ‘progressive’ human rights, environmental, social justice and women’s rights activists, it is a space co-inhabited by conservatives, anti-abortionists, and religious fundamentalists.”[2] Such groups are equally relevant to the sphere in which dominant discourses are challenged and competing views are put forward.




